Apa itu Pengelasan
Pengelasan adalah suatu proses di mana dua atau lebih bahan, biasanya logam atau termoplastik, digabungkan bersama-sama dengan menggunakan panas, tekanan, atau keduanya. Panas yang dihasilkan selama proses pengelasan menyebabkan bahan-bahan ini meleleh dan menyatu, menciptakan ikatan yang kuat saat mendingin.
Menurut AWS, pengelasan adalah sebagai “proses penggabungan logam dengan logam atau logam dengan non logam melalui pencairan, dengan atau tanpa penggunaan bahan pengisi, panas, dan tekanan.”
Pada dasarnya, pengelasan mencakup tiga elemen utama: sumber panas, bahan pengisi, dan perlindungan gas. Sumber panas, seperti busur listrik atau obor gas, digunakan untuk melelehkan bahan. Bahan pengisi, biasanya dalam bentuk batang logam atau kawat, digunakan untuk membantu mengisi celah antara bahan yang sedang dilas. Perlindungan gas digunakan untuk melindungi area pengelasan dari oksidasi dan kontaminan lainnya.
Sejarah Perkembangan Pengelasan di Dunia
Pengelasan, sebagai teknologi dan keahlian, telah ada sejak zaman kuno. Proses ini telah berevolusi seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi dan penemuan baru.
Era Pra-Sejarah dan Kuno
Pada zaman kuno, pengelasan terbatas pada teknik sederhana seperti pengelasan tempa. Dalam teknik ini, dua logam dipanaskan hingga mencapai titik lembut, kemudian dipukul atau dipres hingga menyatu. Bukti penggunaan pengelasan tempa telah ditemukan dalam situs-situs arkeologi dari era Perunggu dan Besi.
Abad Pertengahan dan Revolusi Industri
Pada masa Abad Pertengahan dan Revolusi Industri, teknik pengelasan tempa masih digunakan secara luas, terutama dalam pembuatan senjata dan peralatan lainnya. Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, proses pengelasan oksigen-aselin ditemukan, memungkinkan para pengrajin untuk mengontrol lebih baik suhu dan kualitas dari hasil pengelasan.
Abad 20 dan Perang Dunia
Abad ke-20 melihat penemuan berbagai teknik pengelasan baru yang ditujukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industri yang berkembang pesat dan perang. Teknik-teknik ini termasuk pengelasan listrik, pengelasan gas logam terlindung (MIG), pengelasan busur logam terlindung (SMAW), dan lainnya. Pengelasan listrik ditemukan pada awal abad ini, dan digunakan secara luas selama Perang Dunia I dan II.
Era Modern
Di era modern, perkembangan dalam teknologi pengelasan terus berlanjut. Teknik pengelasan seperti pengelasan friksi, pengelasan laser, dan pengelasan elektron telah ditemukan dan digunakan secara luas dalam berbagai industri, mulai dari pembuatan hingga kedirgantaraan.
Pengelasan, dalam berbagai bentuknya, telah menjadi komponen penting dari banyak proses industri dan manufaktur. Dengan perkembangan teknologi baru, masa depan pengelasan tampaknya akan terus berlanjut dalam inovasi dan penemuan baru. Meski telah berubah sepanjang sejarah, satu hal yang tetap adalah pentingnya pengelasan dalam membentuk dunia seperti yang kita kenal hari ini.
Jenis-jenis Pengelasan dan Karakteristiknya
Pengelasan memiliki berbagai jenis metode dan teknik, masing-masing dengan keuntungan dan kekurangannya sendiri, serta berbagai aplikasi. Berikut adalah beberapa jenis pengelasan yang umum digunakan:
1. Pengelasan Busur Logam Terlindung (SMAW)
Juga dikenal sebagai pengelasan tongkat, SMAW adalah metode pengelasan yang paling umum digunakan, terutama untuk pekerjaan pengelasan kecil dan pemeliharaan. Metode ini menggunakan elektroda yang dilapisi untuk menghasilkan busur listrik dan menciptakan panas yang diperlukan untuk pengelasan.
2. Pengelasan Gas Logam Terlindung (MIG)
MIG adalah teknik pengelasan yang menggunakan kawat elektroda dan gas perlindungan untuk melindungi area pengelasan dari kontaminan. Pengelasan MIG sering digunakan dalam industri manufaktur karena kecepatan dan efisiensinya.
3. Pengelasan Gas Tungsten Terlindung (TIG)
TIG adalah metode pengelasan presisi yang menggunakan elektroda tungsten dan gas perlindungan. TIG dikenal karena menghasilkan pengelasan berkualitas tinggi dan dapat digunakan pada berbagai jenis logam, termasuk logam non-ferrous seperti aluminium.
4. Pengelasan Busur Terendam
Pada pengelasan busur terendam, busur listrik diproduksi di bawah lapisan fluks. Proses ini melindungi area pengelasan dari kontaminasi oksigen dan nitrogen. Pengelasan busur terendam banyak digunakan dalam konstruksi jembatan dan struktur baja lainnya karena kekuatan dan daya tahannya.
5. Pengelasan Friksi
Pada pengelasan friksi, panas yang diperlukan untuk pengelasan dihasilkan oleh gesekan antara dua permukaan logam. Teknik ini biasa digunakan dalam aplikasi kedirgantaraan dan otomotif.
6. Pengelasan Laser dan Elektron
Pengelasan laser dan elektron adalah teknik pengelasan presisi tinggi yang menggunakan sinar laser atau sinar elektron untuk menghasilkan panas yang diperlukan untuk pengelasan. Teknik ini digunakan dalam industri seperti elektronik dan kedirgantaraan, di mana kebutuhan untuk pengelasan presisi sangat tinggi.
Terminologi Pengelasan
Berikut ini adalah tabel referensi nomor proses pengelasan sesuai ISO 4063. Harap diperhatikan bahwa tabel ini hanya mencakup beberapa proses pengelasan utama dan tidak semua proses yang ditetapkan oleh ISO.
| Nomor ISO 4063 | Nama Proses Pengelasan |
|---|---|
| 111 | Pengelasan busur logam terlindung (SMAW) |
| 131 | Pengelasan gas logam terlindung (MIG) |
| 141 | Pengelasan gas tungsten terlindung (TIG) |
| 135 | Pengelasan busur gas logam terlindung dengan gas aktif (MAG) |
| 121 | Pengelasan busur terendam |
| 311 | Pengelasan oksigen |
| 114 | Pengelasan busur dengan fluks dalam tabung logam |
| 15 | Pengelasan laser (Laser Beam Welding, LBW) |
| 25 | Pengelasan elektron (Electron Beam Welding, EBW) |
| 42 | Pengelasan friksi (Friction Welding, FRW) |
Tempat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Pengelasan di Indonesia Akreditasi BNSP
Badan Nasional Sertifikasi Profesi (BNSP) adalah lembaga pemerintah di Indonesia yang bertanggung jawab untuk memastikan bahwa standar dan prosedur sertifikasi profesi di negara tersebut mematuhi regulasi dan kebutuhan industri. BNSP juga memberikan akreditasi kepada Lembaga Sertifikasi Profesi (LSP) yang melakukan sertifikasi pengelas di Indonesia.
Berikut adalah beberapa tempat pendidikan dan pelatihan pengelasan di Indonesia yang diakreditasi oleh BNSP:
- Balai Latihan Kerja (BLK): Sebagai lembaga pemerintah, BLK menawarkan program pelatihan pengelasan yang telah diakreditasi oleh BNSP. Ada BLK di berbagai provinsi di seluruh Indonesia.
- LSP Pengelasan: LSP Pengelasan adalah lembaga yang telah diakreditasi oleh BNSP untuk memberikan sertifikasi kepada pengelas di Indonesia. LSP ini bekerja sama dengan berbagai institusi pelatihan dan pendidikan, seperti BLK dan politeknik, untuk memberikan pelatihan yang mempersiapkan individu untuk sertifikasi.
- LSP Teknologi dan Industri: LSP ini memberikan berbagai sertifikasi dalam bidang teknologi dan industri, termasuk pengelasan. LSP Teknologi dan Industri juga bekerja sama dengan institusi pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk memberikan pelatihan yang relevan.
- Politeknik Negeri Medan: Politeknik ini memiliki program teknik las yang diakui oleh BNSP.
- Politeknik Negeri Jakarta: Politeknik ini menawarkan program dalam teknik las yang telah mendapatkan pengakuan dari BNSP.
- Universitas Udayana: Universitas ini menawarkan program pendidikan dan pelatihan dalam bidang teknik, termasuk teknik las, yang telah diakreditasi oleh BNSP.
- Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya: ITS menawarkan program dalam teknik pengelasan yang diakui oleh BNSP.
10 Istilah Dalam Pengelasan
- Welding Arc (Busur Pengelasan): Ini adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan fenomena listrik yang terjadi ketika arus listrik dilewatkan melalui udara dari elektroda ke bahan kerja. Ini menghasilkan suhu yang sangat tinggi yang dapat mencapai titik leleh logam.
- Base Metal (Logam Induk): Ini adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan logam atau paduan yang sedang disambungkan atau dilas. Dalam proses pengelasan, logam induk meleleh untuk membentuk lebaran.
- Welding Electrode (Elektroda Pengelasan): Ini adalah bahan konduktif yang digunakan untuk membuat kontak dengan logam induk dan menghasilkan busur pengelasan. Elektroda bisa berupa logam atau logam yang dilapisi dengan bahan lain.
- Fusion Zone (Zona Fusi): Ini adalah area dimana logam induk meleleh dan berpadu selama proses pengelasan.
- Heat-Affected Zone (Zona yang Dipengaruhi Panas): Ini adalah area logam induk yang sifat fisik dan strukturnya telah berubah akibat panas dari proses pengelasan, tetapi tidak meleleh.
- Welding Joint (Sambungan Pengelasan): Ini adalah konfigurasi dari dua atau lebih bagian logam induk yang disatukan untuk dilas.
- Welding Position (Posisi Pengelasan): Ini adalah posisi fisik dari sambungan pengelasan selama proses pengelasan. Contohnya termasuk posisi datar, horizontal, vertikal, dan overhead.
- Shielding Gas (Gas Pelindung): Ini adalah gas yang digunakan dalam beberapa jenis pengelasan untuk melindungi daerah sekitar busur pengelasan dan leleh dari kontaminasi oleh udara.
- Filler Metal (Logam Pengisi): Ini adalah logam atau paduan yang ditambahkan ke dalam sambungan pengelasan selama prosis pengelasan untuk membantu membentuk lebaran pengelasan.
- Welding Process (Proses Pengelasan): Ini adalah metode atau teknik yang digunakan untuk membuat sambungan pengelasan. Ada banyak proses pengelasan yang berbeda, seperti pengelasan busur logam terlindung (SMAW), pengelasan gas logam terlindung (MIG), pengelasan gas tungsten terlindung (TIG), dan lainnya.
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