Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT)

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT): Pengertian, Tujuan, dan Fungsi

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Pengertian

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) adalah teknologi non-destruktif yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi cacat dan kerusakan dalam bahan atau struktur. Teknik ini menggunakan berkas ultrasonik yang dikontrol secara elektronik dan dapat disesuaikan untuk mengoptimalkan inspeksi berbagai jenis bahan dan geometri. PAUT menghasilkan gambar dua atau tiga dimensi dari area yang diuji, yang memungkinkan analisis yang lebih tepat dan mendalam dibandingkan dengan metode ultrasonik tradisional.

Sejarah

PAUT pertama kali dikembangkan pada pertengahan abad ke-20 sebagai bagian dari upaya untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas pengujian non-destruktif. Teknologi ini telah berkembang pesat sejak saat itu, dengan peningkatan dalam desain perangkat keras, teknik pemindaian, dan algoritma pengolahan data.

Tujuan dan Fungsi

Tujuan utama PAUT adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi cacat dalam bahan atau struktur dengan cara yang tidak merusak. Dalam prakteknya, PAUT sering digunakan dalam berbagai industri, seperti industri manufaktur, konstruksi, dan energi, untuk menguji integritas struktur seperti pipa, tangki, dan komponen struktural lainnya.

Metode Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT)

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) adalah metode inspeksi non-destruktif yang canggih dan sangat efektif. Metode ini menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik untuk mendeteksi cacat dan kerusakan di dalam suatu material atau komponen. Berikut ini adalah penjelasan umum tentang cara kerja metode PAUT:

  1. Penggunaan Transduser: Dalam PAUT, sebuah transduser dengan banyak elemen kecil digunakan. Setiap elemen ini dapat menghasilkan dan menerima gelombang ultrasonik. Mengubah waktu di mana setiap elemen mengirimkan sinyal memungkinkan pengguna untuk “mengarahkan” dan “memfokuskan” gelombang ultrasonik yang dihasilkan.
  2. Pemindaian: Gelombang ultrasonik yang dihasilkan kemudian dikirim ke dalam material yang sedang diperiksa. Jika ada cacat atau kerusakan dalam material, gelombang ultrasonik akan dipantulkan kembali dan diterima oleh transduser.
  3. Analisis Data: Waktu dan amplitudo sinyal yang dipantulkan kemudian dianalisis untuk menentukan lokasi dan ukuran cacat atau kerusakan. Teknologi komputer modern memungkinkan analisis data ini dilakukan secara real-time, memungkinkan deteksi dan evaluasi cepat dari potensi cacat atau kerusakan.

Keuntungan utama metode PAUT dibandingkan dengan metode inspeksi ultrasonik konvensional adalah kemampuannya untuk mengarahkan dan memfokuskan gelombang ultrasonik, serta kemampuannya untuk memindai area yang lebih besar dalam satu kali pengambilan. Ini memungkinkan deteksi cacat yang lebih akurat dan efisien, serta peningkatan kemampuan untuk mengevaluasi dan menginterpretasikan hasil inspeksi.

Jenis dan Klasifikasi

Ada dua jenis utama PAUT: pengujian phased array sektoral (S-PAUT) dan pengujian phased array linear (L-PAUT). S-PAUT menggunakan berkas ultrasonik yang diarahkan secara sektoral, memungkinkan deteksi cacat pada berbagai sudut. Di sisi lain, L-PAUT menggunakan berkas ultrasonik yang diarahkan secara linear, yang ideal untuk deteksi cacat yang sejajar dengan permukaan bahan.

Merek Utama Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) di Pasaran

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) adalah teknologi inspeksi non-destruktif yang semakin banyak digunakan dalam berbagai industri. Berikut ini beberapa merek utama yang menawarkan perangkat dan solusi PAUT di pasaran:

  1. Olympus: Olympus adalah pemimpin global dalam teknologi inspeksi non-destruktif dan menawarkan berbagai produk PAUT, termasuk sistem inspeksi portabel dan solusi inspeksi otomatis.
  2. GE Inspection Technologies: GE Inspection Technologies adalah bagian dari Baker Hughes, sebuah perusahaan energi dan teknologi global. Mereka menawarkan berbagai produk PAUT, termasuk sistem inspeksi portabel dan solusi inspeksi otomatis.
  3. Sonatest: Sonatest adalah perusahaan global yang menawarkan berbagai produk dan solusi inspeksi non-destruktif, termasuk perangkat PAUT.
  4. Zetec: Zetec adalah perusahaan global yang mengkhususkan diri dalam teknologi inspeksi non-destruktif dan menawarkan berbagai perangkat dan solusi PAUT.
  5. Proceq: Proceq, bagian dari Screening Eagle Technologies, menawarkan berbagai produk dan solusi inspeksi non-destruktif, termasuk perangkat PAUT.

 

Pelatihan PAUT: Persiapan dan Apa yang Diharapkan

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) adalah teknik inspeksi non-destruktif yang penting dan banyak digunakan dalam berbagai industri. Oleh karena itu, pelatihan yang komprehensif dan berkualitas tinggi dalam teknik ini sangat penting. Berikut adalah beberapa tempat di Indonesia yang menawarkan pelatihan PAUT:

TwI Training and Examination Services: TwI memiliki cabang di Jakarta dan menawarkan berbagai kursus pelatihan dalam inspeksi non-destruktif, termasuk PAUT.

Indonesia NDT Training Centre: Pusat pelatihan ini berbasis di Cilegon dan menawarkan berbagai kursus NDT, termasuk PAUT.

Gammatec NDT Supplies SOC Ltd: Meskipun berbasis di Afrika Selatan, Gammatec memiliki kantor cabang di Indonesia dan menawarkan kursus pelatihan PAUT.

Nusantara Inspection Services: Nusantara, berbasis di Jakarta, menawarkan berbagai kursus inspeksi, termasuk pelatihan PAUT.

PT. Yakin Maju Sentosa: Perusahaan ini, berlokasi di Jakarta, menawarkan berbagai kursus pelatihan NDT, termasuk PAUT.

Setiap lembaga pelatihan ini memiliki kebijakan, durasi, dan biaya kursusnya sendiri, serta persyaratan masuk dan sertifikasi yang berbeda. Oleh karena itu, disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian dan menghubungi lembaga-lembaga tersebut secara langsung untuk mendapatkan informasi yang paling akurat dan up-to-date.

Kelebihan dan Kekurangan

Beberapa kelebihan PAUT antara lain:

  1. Mampu mendeteksi dan mengevaluasi cacat dengan presisi tinggi.
  2. Menghasilkan gambar dua atau tiga dimensi yang memudahkan analisis.
  3. Meminimalkan risiko kerusakan pada bahan atau struktur yang diperiksa.
  4. Memungkinkan inspeksi area yang sulit dijangkau atau berbahaya.
  5. Mempercepat proses inspeksi dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional.
  6. Memungkinkan pengujian yang berulang dengan hasil yang konsisten.
  7. Memiliki fleksibilitas dalam penyesuaian berkas ultrasonik.
  8. Mengurangi biaya inspeksi dalam jangka panjang.
  9. Meningkatkan keamanan operasional dan meminimalkan downtime.
  10. Memberikan dokumentasi digital hasil inspeksi.

Di sisi lain, PAUT juga memiliki beberapa kekurangan, antara lain:

  1. Memerlukan perangkat dan perangkat lunak khusus yang bisa menjadi mahal.
  2. Pelatihan dan sertifikasi teknisi PAUT membutuhkan waktu dan biaya yang cukup besar.
  3. Memerlukan pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang cukup dalam interpretasi data.
  4. Tidak selalu efektif dalam mendeteksi cacat yang sangat kecil atau dalam.
  5. Penyesuaian berkas ultrasonik bisa menjadi kompleks dan memakan waktu.
  6. Berkas ultrasonik bisa terdistorsi oleh fitur struktural atau geometri yang kompleks.
  7. Memerlukan persiapan permukaan yang baik untuk hasil optimal.
  8. Interferensi dari noise atau sinyal latar belakang bisa mempengaruhi hasil.
  9. Memerlukan penyesuaian parameter inspeksi berdasarkan jenis material dan kondisi operasional.
  10. Pemindaian manual bisa menjadi monoton dan melelahkan bagi operator.

Batasan Teknis dan Standar Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) Sesuai ASME

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) merupakan teknik inspeksi non-destruktif yang sangat efektif dan canggih. Akan tetapi, seperti teknik inspeksi lainnya, PAUT memiliki batasan-batasan teknis dan harus dijalankan sesuai dengan standar tertentu. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) adalah salah satu organisasi yang telah merumuskan standar untuk penggunaan PAUT. Berikut adalah beberapa batasan teknis dan standar PAUT sesuai dengan ASME:

  1. Standar Kualifikasi dan Sertifikasi: ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4, menjelaskan tentang standar kualifikasi dan sertifikasi operator PAUT. Operator harus memiliki sertifikasi yang memenuhi syarat untuk melakukan inspeksi PAUT.
  2. Prosedur Inspeksi: ASME menentukan prosedur inspeksi yang harus diikuti selama inspeksi PAUT. Penggunaan transduser, kalibrasi sistem, dan penanganan data adalah beberapa aspek yang diatur oleh standar ini.
  3. Keterbatasan dalam Penggunaan Transduser: Transduser digunakan untuk mengirim dan menerima gelombang ultrasonik dalam PAUT. Akan tetapi, ada batasan dalam penggunaan transduser. Misalnya, elemen transduser yang sangat kecil dapat mengalami kesulitan dalam mendeteksi cacat yang lebih dalam pada material, sementara elemen yang lebih besar mungkin tidak cukup sensitif terhadap cacat permukaan atau cacat berukuran kecil.
  4. Batasan Material: Beberapa material mungkin tidak sesuai untuk inspeksi PAUT. Misalnya, material dengan struktur serat kasar atau material yang sangat anisotropik dapat menimbulkan tantangan bagi inspeksi PAUT.
  5. Batasan Geometri: PAUT mungkin tidak efektif atau mungkin sulit dilakukan pada benda kerja dengan geometri yang sangat kompleks atau permukaan yang tidak rata.

Memahami dan memperhatikan batasan teknis dan standar ini sangat penting untuk memastikan bahwa PAUT dilakukan dengan cara yang efektif dan akurat. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi dan pengetahuan, diharapkan bahwa banyak dari batasan ini dapat diatasi atau diminimalkan.

Standar dan Kode

Standar dan kode yang relevan dengan PAUT termasuk ASME Code Section V, Article 4 dan ISO 13588. Standar ini menetapkan persyaratan untuk peralatan, prosedur, dan kualifikasi personel, serta penafsiran dan evaluasi hasil pengujian. Mereka juga menentukan persyaratan untuk kalibrasi peralatan dan verifikasi sistem.

Acceptance Criteria Sesuai ASME

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) menetapkan kriteria penerimaan untuk inspeksi PAUT dalam Section V, Article 4 dari kode mereka. Menurut ASME, sebuah cacat dapat dianggap dapat diterima jika ukurannya tidak melebihi batas tertentu yang ditentukan dalam kode. Kriteria ini berbeda-beda tergantung pada jenis cacat, material, dan kondisi operasional. Misalnya, retakan dapat diterima jika panjangnya tidak melebihi batas tertentu dan jika orientasinya tidak cenderung menyebabkan kegagalan yang mendadak dan tidak terduga.

Kesimpulan

Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) adalah teknologi inspeksi non-destruktif yang canggih dan sangat efektif. Teknologi ini menyediakan gambaran mendetail dan presisi tinggi dari cacat dan kerusakan dalam berbagai jenis bahan dan struktur. Meski membutuhkan perangkat khusus, pelatihan, dan pengetahuan teknis, PAUT memiliki banyak keuntungan yang membuatnya berharga bagi berbagai industri. Di sisi lain, penggunaan PAUT harus selalu mematuhi standar dan kode yang relevan, seperti yang ditetapkan oleh API dan ASME, untuk memastikan keandalan dan keamanan hasilnya.

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